中文出版物

Impact of climate change on global food security and coping measures

The threat of climate change to global food security cannot be ignored. Climate change affects all dimensions of food security, including food production, access, utilization and stability. Changing temperatures and precipitation change the water and heat conditions for plant growth, damage the physiological processes of plant development, and extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, and hurricanes cause direct losses in food production. Changes in food supply lead to price fluctuations in the world food market. At the same time, some countries have adopted export restrictions and agricultural support policies to ensure stable domestic food supply and price stability, disrupting international agricultural product trade and exacerbating food security issues in countries that rely on agricultural product imports. Extreme weather events damage infrastructure such as transportation, logistics, energy, and communications, inhibiting the smooth flow of supply chains and reducing logistics efficiency. Food price fluctuations and income shocks brought about by climate change reduce residents' purchasing power, affect residents' food demand and utilization methods, and lead to reduced meals, fewer meals, skipped meals, less nutritious foods, and more high-fat, high-sugar, high-salt, high-energy foods to satisfy hunger. The pressure that climate change brings to people's physical and mental health has also further affected people's food consumption and nutrient intake. With the intensification of pest and disease activities and damaged transportation, food safety issues are becoming more and more worrying. In addition, climate change brings many challenges, such as violent activities, regional conflicts, forced migration, and endangered fragility and climate resilience. The stability of the food system has been impacted, exacerbating global food insecurity. The transformation of the agricultural food system is the key to responding to the climate crisis. By promoting and integrating agricultural innovation, developing climate-smart agriculture, promoting trade openness, and strengthening infrastructure and social security system construction, the climate resilience of the agricultural food system can be improved. At the same time, the role of climate finance should be brought into play, and financing channels should be actively expanded to promote the transformation of the agricultural food system and ensure global food security.
JEL Codes: F316.11, S162.5

The mechanisms behind consumer behavior changes of sugar-sweetened beverage tax and policy implications

Sugar-sweetened beverage（SSB）tax could impact consumer behaviors through price and non-price mechanisms. Price mechanism affects SSB consumption through price changes, relative price changes, or expected price changes in the future respectively. Non-price mechanism changes SSB consumption by reminding consumers of the adverse health impact of SSB consumption, guiding individual consumption through social norms, utilizing the correlation of SSB consumption among peers, and through consumers′ psychological responses respectively. In comparison with the price mechanism of SSB tax, the non-price mechanism originates from multiple factors and may function far before the formal implementation of the tax, which implies that non-price mechanism could be more effective in reducing SSB demand than price mechanism. Therefore, utilizing media publicity, exerting social normative effects, and promoting tax system innovation are proposed to effectively reduce SSB demand.

JEL Codes: F426.82, F812.42

2023 China and global food policy report: Promoting sustainable healthy diets for transforming agrifood systems

The current situation of global food and nutrition security is increasingly worrisome, and it is unfortunate that progress in eliminating hunger, food insecurity, and multiple forms of malnutrition has been hindered or even reversed by recent global events. It is estimated that globally, 702 million to 828 million people (8.9 to 10.5 percent) suffered from hunger in 2021, with 150 million added during the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately 2.3 billion people are in a state of moderate or severe food insecurity, with 11.7 percent facing severe food insecurity. Nearly 3.1 billion people could not afford a healthy diet, which is an increase of 112 million from the last year. The causes of food insecurity are multifaceted, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the crisis in Ukraine,and climate change. Simultaneously, income levels have been adversely affected, and prices have risen, reducing people’s ability to purchase food and making it unaffordable. Therefore, it is imperative for governments and other stakeholders to act collectively to improve the state of global food and nutritional health. Many countries, including China, have begun to pay more attention to the issue of agrifood systems and are proposing a transition to the multidimensional goals of nutrition and health, green and low-carbon, efficiency, resilience, and inclusiveness. At the international level, a series of high-level international conferences and action plans, such as the UN Food Systems Summit, the Nutrition for Growth Summit, and UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in 2021 and COP27 in 2022, have demonstrated the importance and urgency of promoting the transformation of agrifood systems. These conferences advocated for countries to work together to transform the way food is produced and consumed to build healthier, sustainable, and equitable food systems. At the domestic level, China has always regarded food security as a top priority for national development. In 2022, the total annual national grain output reached 686.53 million tons and has remained stable for eight consecutive years at more than 650 million tons. In 2022, the Chinese government emphasized the need to “establish a big food concept” and “strengthen the foundation of food security in all aspects” from the perspective of putting people first and better meeting their increasingly diversified food consumption needs. In light of the various risks and challenges posed by the contemporary era, safeguarding food security necessitates a shift from a narrow focus on food production to a more comprehensive consideration of the entire food supply chain. This entails promoting the development of a diversified food supply system and expanding the focus from mere quantity to encompassing multiple objectives related to the “quantity, structure, and quality” of food. Such an approach will serve to bolster the foundations of food security on all fronts.

大食物观引领下低碳减排与粮食安全的协同发展：现状、挑战与对策

The Greater Food approach implies a higher level of food security and puts forward higher requirements for agri-food system transformation in China.Meanwhile, the agri-food system has great potential for carbon sequestration and GHG emissions reduction, which can play an important role in achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.This paper aims to discuss how to achieve carbon neutrality in Chinese agri-food system under the Greater Food approach and further put forward the pathways of a win-win strategy of food security and a low-carbon agri-food system.Starting from the relation between the low-carbon agri-food system development and food security, this paper systematically analyzes the status quo, challenges, and pathways to achieve the goals of food security and low carbon.We find that the Greater Food approach oriented to demand provides a guideline for minimizing the trade-offs and identifying the synergy of food security and low-carbon agri-food systems.We conclude that transformation towards sustainable agri-food system can promote the realization of both goals.At present, the supply of major agri-food products in China can effectively meet the needs of Chinese residents.Meanwhile, China’s agri-food system had achieved its carbon neutrality in 2018,turning greenhouse gas emissions into a net carbon sink.However, with rising population and income in the future, the synergy between higher level of food security and low-carbon transformation of China’s agri-food system is still uncertain.Chinese agri-food system faces a number of challenges, including resource constraints, the dominance of smallholder farmers on the production side, unbalanced dietary structure, and sizable food loss and waste.The paper finally proposes the agri-food system transformation pathways under the Greater Food approach to overcome these challenges and achieve the win-win of lower GHG emissions and food security.

A method of deciding precision fertilization of rice based on spatio-temporal multi-modal knowledge graph of agriculture [in Chinese]

Theory, practice and upgrading of pairwise assistance: A literature review and inspiration

As a regional policy with distinct Chinese characteristics, the series of pairwise assistance policies play a key role in China’s poverty reduction, emergency management, regional governance, and other fields. Pairwise assistance policies are effective measures of narrowing regional gaps, promoting regional coordinated development, and optimizing the national governance system. Pairwise assistance policies are also very important to achieve common prosperity and boost Chinese-style modernization. Only a few studies focused on the topic of pairwise assistance, and there was no good summary review from the perspectives of the theoretical basis and practical experience of pairwise assistance.This paper summarizes the theoretical basis of pairwise assistance from the perspectives of horizontal transfer payment and input and transformation of production factors. The policy evolution of pairwise assistance in China is divided into four stages: the germination stage, development stage, improvement stage, and upgrading stage. Further, from economic and intellectual perspectives, the policy tools of pairwise assistance are analyzed. The practical effect of pairwise assistance is summarized from five aspects, which are economic driving, regional development coordination, poverty alleviation, governance, and public services. It is found that in the new era, pairwise assistance needs to refine the role of government, improve the enthusiasm of participants, and improve the efficiency of project implementation. We point out that future research on pairwise assistance should focus on the study of practical mechanisms, quantitative assessment of policy effect, and the scaling up of pairwise assistance models. This can further provide support to enhance the system building and improve the effectiveness of pairwise assistance policies.This paper contributes to the existing literature in four aspects: firstly, we attempted to sort out the economic theoretical basis for the implementation of pairwise assistance; secondly, we analyzed the possible paths and policy effectiveness of pairwise assistance to promote the socio-economic development of recipient areas; thirdly, we attempted to put forward targeted enlightenment for the optimization and upgrading of pairwise assistance based on the problems existing in the implementation of the policies, so as to meet the new requirements for the pairwise assistance in the new era; fourthly, we tried to summarize the possible gaps in existing related research and future research directions.With the gradual advancement of the process of Chinese-style modernization, the application field of pairwise assistance is more extensive. It is of great significance for us to summarize the practical experience of pairwise assistance in the past 40 years, to upgrade the pairwise assistance and conform to the development requirements of the new era. This paper can provide a useful reference for optimizing pairwise assistance, promoting economic development in underdeveloped areas, providing an experience for promoting coordinated regional development and upgrading the national governance system and governance capacity.

JEL Code: F127

Integrated urban-rural development and common prosperity: Connotation, international experience and implementation path [in Chinese]

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s economicdevelopment has entered a new stage. Under the circumstances, the goal of “Common Prosperity” has attracted more and more attention over the past several years. China’s long-term implementation of urban-biased policies led to a huge gap between urban and rural areas for a long time and hindered the realization of common prosperity. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward a new concept of “Integrated Urban-Rural Development” to solve the problem of unbalanced development between urban and rural areas. This study points out that integrated urban-rural development is an important path to achieve the goal of common prosperity due to the huge gap between urban and rural areas. Besides, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas in various dimensions is also the main direction of common prosperity. Firstly, the study illustrates that through integrated urban-rural development, it is possible to (1) reduce the income gap between urban and rural areas to promote the realization of common prosperity in the material dimension; (2) facilitate the equal supply of basic public services between urban and rural areas to promote the realization of common prosperity in the dimension of rights; (3) balance urban and rural development capabilities to promote the realization of common prosperity in the dimension of development opportunities; (4) coordinate the construction of urban-rural spiritual civilization to promote the realization of common prosperity in the spiritual dimension; (5) stimulate the integration between urban and rural ecological environment to promote the realization of common prosperity in the ecological dimension. In addition, after sorting out the international experience of integrated urban-rural development, the study finds that major developed countries and some emerging countries have established (1) an urban-rural economic linkage mechanism of in-depth integration and benefit sharing; (2) an urban-rural ecological environment linkage mechanism of overall planning and sustainable development; (3) an urban-rural public service linkage mechanism of urban-rural equivalent and comprehensive coverage. Aiming at the goals of common prosperity concerning farmers’ rights, industrial development, education equity and ecological value conversion, the paper combines the opinions of the experts participating in the “Integrated Urban-Rural Development and Common Prosperity” academic seminar with literature to propose seven policy paths for integrated urban-rural development: (1) promoting urban-rural economic integration by achieving equal rights to urban and rural development; (2) taking advantage of industrial clusters development model to promote urban-rural economic integration; (3) improving the income distribution system to promote urban-rural economic integration; (4) promoting the ecological integration between urban and rural areas with the realization of ecological products value; (5) facilitating the integration of urban and rural public services with the cultivation of early childhood human capital; (6) stimulating the integration of urban and rural public services with the realization of education equity; (7) advancing the integration of urban and rural public services with the development model of “inter-village integration”. The paper reveals that urban-rural integration requires further institutional reform, as well as the different varieties of policies aiming at special demands. Therefore, grassroots innovation and careful consideration of the differences across different groups and different regions could be fully guaranteed to achieve common prosperity.

Towards 2035: Common Prosperity and Urban-Rural Poverty Management System [in Chinese]

The impacts of COVID-19 on global food security and the coping strategy [in Chinese]

当前，新冠肺炎疫情已在全球扩散，许多本就因为冲突、自然灾害或气候变化而深陷食物 不安全的国家和地区的防疫形势也日益严峻。虽然目前全球食物供给总体充足，食物价格稳定，但疫 情的快速蔓延将给全球食物安全带来威胁。由于隔离和边境关闭，市场、供应链和贸易受到波及，全 球食物的供给受到影响。食物流通渠道可能因运输中断和更加严格的检疫措施而受阻，运输成本和贸 易成本增加、效率降低。一些国家为保障国内食物供应而采取限制出口的行为，将影响依赖于粮食进 口的国家进口粮食，也不利于依赖于出口初级农产品的低收入发展中国家出口农产品。封锁措施带来 的经济影响使居民收入和购买力下降，居民获得充足的营养食物变得更加困难。食物安全不再是一个 区域性问题，而是一个需要共同应对的全球性问题，各国应当共同努力，加强合作和全球治理，对最 弱势群体采取迅速的保护和援助措施。既要确保国内食物供应链的正常运行，同时，应该保持贸易开 放，并利用和创新电子商务保障食物供应，保障全球粮食安全。

Study on countermeasures of Agriculture against Economic and Trade Frictions between China and USA [in Chinese]

Reflections on rural revitalization from a global perspective [in Chinese]

Innovations of targeted poverty reduction governance and policy in Zhejiang Province: Insights from China’s post-2020 anti-poverty strategy [in Chinese]

With a large rural population, high poverty rate, and low level of economic development during the early stage of reform and opening up, Zhejiang province successfully eliminated poverty by its own definition of annual family income per capita below 4 600 RMB, which is twice the national poverty line, by 2015. The province’s rural poverty governance leads the development of national poverty relief policies. Based on the framework of ″poverty alleviation and development″, rural poverty governance in Zhejiang province has been closely integrated with economic development. This includes elimination of households in absolute poverty, alleviation of relative poverty in rural areas, and implementation of an integrated rural-urban minimum living standard. This article discusses Zhejiang Province’s governance and policy innovation of targeted poverty reduction from six perspectives: (1) cooperative poverty reduction mechanisms in sectors of government, market and social power; (2) identifying and improving an accurate poverty identification system; (3) shifting the focus of poverty standards from absolute poverty to relative poverty; (4) transforming the main poverty reduction method from development-oriented poverty reduction supported by special funds, to poverty alleviation by means of social protection; (5) expanding the scope of poverty reduction from rural areas alone to rural-urban integration; and (6) addressing unbalanced development in the province with multiple public financial support mechanisms. Judging from the current practices and experiences of rural poverty governance for targeted poverty reduction in Zhejiang Province, the following problems may be encountered in post-2020 poverty reduction in China: (1) rural-urban-integrated poverty reduction requiring institutional innovation in poverty governance; (2) poverty governance concerning migrant workers in the context of labor transfer needs urgent attention; (3) household registration requirements in the identification of poor households generating in accurate poverty data; (4) a rural-urban-integrated minimum living standard should be adjusted for differences in cost of living in different places. The article proposes four key strategies for post-2020 poverty reduction in China, including (1) coordinating government, market and the public agencies with the aim of poverty reduction; (2) formulating a new poverty standard under the concept of relative poverty governance; (3) establishing a rural-urban-integrated poverty governance system; and (4) developing a social security system based on rights and fairness.

Experience of international poverty targeting and its implications for China

本文总结了国际多维贫困测量、多种瞄准方法、统一登记系统以及瞄准特定人群人力资本提升项目的有条件转移支付方式,并分析了各种方法需要注意的问题。据此提出采用多维贫困的方法进行贫困测量和干预,通过人群精准分类和统一的登记系统实现精准瞄准,通过参与式扶贫机制设计尤其是村庄的参与提升扶贫效果,通过加强贫困人口的营养、健康与教育投入降低返贫风险等建议。

From rural to rural urban integration in China: Identifying new vision and key areas for post-2020 poverty reduction strategy

China's achievements in poverty reduction in the past 40 years were impressive. This study aims to study the characteristics and trends of urban and rural poverty in China; to sort the changes and challenges of the poverty alleviation policy; to analyze the domestic and international poverty circumstances, as well as new problems faced by China's poverty reduction. Based on the new challenges identified, the study identifies a need for a new vision of China's post-2020 poverty reduction, in accordance with international experience, and to provide a policy-making reference in formulating the new poverty reduction strategy during the post-2020 era.

Rice area change in Northeast China and its correlation with climate change [in Chinese]

以受气候变化影响显著的中国东北地区（黑龙江、吉林和辽宁）为研究区域,以水稻为研究对象,利用1980—2010年东北三省分县水稻播种面积、水田分布以及水稻气候适宜性分布等多源数据,结合作物空间分配模型（SPAM）,在5’×5’的像元尺度上模拟了东北地区水稻时空变化过程,结合气温、降水等气候因子的空间分异,重点分析了水稻分布在不同积温与降水区间的时空变化特征.结果表明:水稻分布的核心纬度由北纬39°—46°推移至41°—47°,经度则由122°—127°向东推移至131°,同时还呈现向200 m以上的较高海拔地区扩展的趋势;区域内积温带均向北偏移,新增的水稻面积主要集中在2800~3400℃·d的积温区间;研究期间区域内降水量2000年以前呈增加趋势,之后下降,水稻面积变化则主要发生于300~600 mm的降水区间内.

Spatio-temporal changes in Chinese crop patterns over the past three decades [in Chinese]

The impact of rural labor wage, change of demographic structure on crop cultivation structure [in Chinese]

Land productivity and farm size under rapid transformation: A reappraisal from China [In Chinese]

The impact of rising labor wage and aging on land transfer [in Chinese]

The influence of pro-farmer policies on the income mobility of rural residents in impoverished area--An analysis based on tracking survey to rural households in 3 villages of Guizhou province

Land productivity and farm size under rapid transformation: A reappraisal from China [In Chinese]

The impact of clustering on firm contracting and financing environment

Highlights of IFPRI's partnerships and impacts in China 2015: Reducing poverty and hunger through food policy research

For more than 30 years, China has undergone economic reforms and development that have led to successful economic growth and poverty reduction. The country has also made considerable efforts to reduce the income gap between urban and rural populations, balance regional development, and conserve natural resources. In 2003, IFPRI developed a strategy specifically tailored to its work in China and expanded its national program. In collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), IFPRI established the International Center for Agricultural and Rural Development (ICARD) that same year to coordinate the Institute’s propoor research and activities in China and East Asia.

三十多年来，中国经历了经济改革和发展，成功地实现了经济增长和减贫。中国在减少城乡居民的收入差距、平衡区域发展、保护自然资源等方面也做出了很多努力。2003年，国际食物政策研究所专门针对其在中国的工作制定了战略，并扩大了其国家项目；同年，国际食物政策研究所与中国农业科学院（CAAS）合作，成立了国际农业与农村发展研究中心（ICARD），以协调其在中国和东亚的扶贫研究和活动。

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2015. Highlights of IFPRI's partnerships and impacts in China 2015: Reducing poverty and hunger through food policy research. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/129160

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2015国际食物政策研究所与中国的合作及其影响概要 通过粮食政策研究减少贫困和饥饿 Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/129278

Agriculture and cognitive development: Evidence from Chinese agricultural reform

Impacts of off-farm employment, land rental and fragmentation of farmland on technical efficiency of paddy rice farmers [in Chinese]

Industrial diversification in China

Dynamic evolution of industrial clusters and local government policy [in Chinese]

Using cross-entropy method simulates spatial distribution of rice in Northeast China [in Chinese]

作物时空分布变化是农业研究的重要内容。近30a来,东北地区水稻种植面积显著增加,为探讨东北地区水稻时空变化特征,进一步丰富和完善作物空间分布信息获取方法,研究作物空间分布对包括气候变化在内的多种影响因素的响应关系,该研究综合80年代以来的作物面积与产量统计数据、耕地数据、农业灌溉数据以及作物生长适宜性分布等多源数据,利用基于交叉信息熵原理的作物空间分配模型(spatial production allocation model,SPAM)构建了针对中国作物分布特点的SPAM-China模型,模拟了中国东北地区1980-2008年像元尺度上水稻空间分布信息。结果表明,模拟结果能较好地反映出东北地区水稻主要种植区域,近30a东北地区水稻种植时空变化特征显著,水稻种植区域向北向东扩展,种植重心北移了约1.76个纬度,中北部地区水稻种植面积增加且趋势明显,南部地区变化趋势不显著

Spatial-temporal changes of rice area and production in China during 1980-2010 [in Chinese]

通过综合80年代初以来的农作物面积与产量统计、耕地分布、农业灌溉分布以及作物生长适宜性分布等多源数据,利用基于交叉信息熵原理的作物空间分配模型(Spatial Production Allocation Model,SPAM),获得了我国10km像元尺度的水稻分布信息。在此基础上,重点分析了80年代初以来水稻种植面积与产量的时空变化特征。总体来看,在全国水稻种植区域内发生变化的地区中有超过50%的地区水稻种植面积出现缩减态势,但仍有近70%的地区水稻产量在增加。空间变化来看,种植面积缩减主要发生在东南沿海的广东、福建和浙江等省,而增加主要出现在东北地区的吉林和黑龙江等省,我国水稻种植重心因此向东北方向迁移约230km,产量重心向东北迁移约320km。同时,研究还发现我国水稻种植面积变化对产量增减具有重要影响,其中产量增加表现为面积与非面积因素的共同作用,数据显示种植面积扩展对水稻增产的平均贡献率约54.5%,而在产量减少的区域,面积缩减对减产的贡献率高达80%以上

New fertilizer is the key to improve fertilizer use efficiency [in Chinese]

目前,全球农业正处于发展的十字路口,人口数量持续增长,人口结构也趋向老龄化,城市化现象逐步加深,不断增加的城市人口对食物的数量和质量有更高的要求。然而,据调查,部分发展中国家的农户规模呈下降趋势。中国的农业特点是:有超过2.5亿的小农户,妇女和老人被留在农村从事农耕,典型的农户有0.6公顷土地,每户6至7块地。因此,使用化肥将至关重要,绝大多数作物产量的增长得益于单产的提高,对化肥的需求源源不断

China's economic growth under the background of demographic changes - a dynamic computable general equilibrium model based simulation [in Chinese]

人口老龄化和民工荒现象暗示着中国劳动力低成本的优势将消失，并会对中国未来的经济增长产生负面影响。采用可计算一般均衡模型，利用联合国最新的人口预测，模拟分析中国2010—2030年人口结构变化及其相关的人口措施产生的经济效应后发现，由于人口老龄化导致的劳动力人口的下降，中国经济增长呈现逐步放缓的趋势，2025—2030年中国的经济增速将下降到5.513%。而相关的人口措施可以缓解人口老龄化对经济带来的负面效应。其中，提高教育水平、促进人力资本积累对经济的拉动作用最为明显

Chinese model of agricultural mechanization [in Chinese]

如果每个家庭都购买机械来从事农业生产将毫无意义。虽然中国的农业生产依然立足于细碎化的小规模土地生产方式,不断上涨的劳动力工资导致了农村劳动力的大量流失,但中国的粮食生产至今没有下降,而是逐年持续上涨。在研究农业生产时,传统的经济学倾向于分析农业投入与产出之间的关系,却忽视了农业生产的内部组织结构变革

Gap and integration of urban-rural economies in China

The dragon’s gift: The real story of China in Africa

Evolution of rural households labour Supplies: Population, land, and wage

Comparison of agriculture and trade development between China and South Korea under economic globalization

Road condition in Southwestern mountainous areas and Households' food availability: Based on the analysis of Guizhou household Survey [in Chinese]

Does "no increase nor reduce" land model take account of justice? A case study based on survey of Guizhou Province:

Rural households’ food security and health in impoverished mountainous area of Southwest China and public policies: Based on survey to Puding County of Guozhou Province [in Chinese]

The growth of Chinese labour productivity based on the two-sector index method

Inequality in western rural China: A household analysis in Guizhou province [in Chinese]

The course of China's rural reform

For more than 20 years after the victory of the Chinese Revolution, radicalism was ascendant and private ownership of land was illegal. The peasantry became estranged from the land, so that when the Cultural Revolution ended, China’s economy had been placed in difficulty and an agricultural crisis induced. The population had grown, and food was in short supply. Per capita grain production never averaged much above 300 kilograms. Of the 800 million peasants, 250 million were impoverished. The nation as a whole could not achieve self-sufficiency in grain and required massive imports.

Lessons learned from the dragon (China) and the elephant (India): Essays from IFPRI's 2004-2005 Annual Report

The world made significant progress on reducing poverty between 1981 and 2001 — the number of people in developing countries living on less than US$1 a day fell from 1.5 billion to 1.1 billion, or from 40 to 21 percent of the world’s population. In fact, however, nearly all this progress reflects gains made in reducing poverty in China and India, two of the world’s fastest-growing economies. The rapid economic growth and enormous poverty reduction achieved by China, and to a lesser extent India, are remarkable accomplishments that bear closer investigation. What do the experiences of these two countries reveal about how to sequence reforms and about what kinds of reforms are most effective in stimulating growth and combating poverty? These three essays compare the experiences of China and India to learn what steps each country took and what lessons they each have to offer.

International symposium on China agricultural policy: A summary [in Chinese]

Rural market development and village economics approach: [In Chinese]

Education and health inequality in China [in Chinese]

Health inequality and its causes: empirical analysis using the China National Child Health Survey: [In Chinese]

Local governance and public goods provision in rural China

WTO and rural public investment strategy in China [In Chinese]

What drives land fragmentation in China? [In Chinese]

Growth and poverty effects of government spending in rural China [in Chinese]

Growth, inequality, and poverty in rural China: the role of public investments [In Chinese]

In the past two decades, China has achieved world renown for reducing rural poverty. However, it is becoming harder to reduce poverty and inequality further in China, even though its economy continues to grow. This report compares the impact specific rural public investments can have on promoting growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Returns to these investments are calculated for the nation as a whole and for three economic zones in the west, central, and coastal regions of the country. Government expenditures that have the highest impact on poverty and growth include education, agricultural research and development, and rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and telecommunications). Notably, spending on irrigation and anti-poverty loans had minimal impact. The report discusses the implications of these findings for setting future priorities for government investment. It also suggests avenues for future research and calls for a better understanding of how to improve the effectiveness of public resources. This report will be of interest to professionals involved in rural poverty reduction, rural development, agricultural growth, food security, and public investment policy.

A study on the factors affecting farmers' agricultural production investment [in Chinese]

Structural Change and Economic Growth in China [in Chinese]

Agricultural research and rural poverty reduction: Evidence from India and China